Traditional Grain Storage Practices in India

Traditional Grain Storage Practices in India

                                                       

   Storing of grains is of prime importance to avoid social unrest, seasonal variation, to provide seeds for next planting season, prevent deterioration and ensure food security in the country. India’s food grain production is around 257 million tons (2014–15) and an additional 150 million tons has to be produced by 2040 to feed almost 1.5 billion people. Thus, the campaign for higher production of foodgrain and reduction in storage losses has to continue with increased efforts. About 65–70% of total food grains produced in the country is stored at farm level in traditional structures like Bakhara, Kanaja, Kothi, Sanduka, earthen pots, and Gummi. These indigenous storage structures are suitable for storing grains in their region-specific conditions. About 6.0 to 10% of total production food grains are damaged due to moisture, insects, rodents, fungi, exposure to rains, floods, and negligence. According to an Indian study of grain storage practices, 41.5% of farmers are using gunny bags, 18.1% using bulk storage in rooms, 11.1% using metallic bins and remaining 30.0% stored grains in other traditional structures made up of local materials like storage baskets made exclusively of plant materials, calabashes, gourds, earthenware pots, jars, solid wall bins, underground storage, wooden/ mud structures. Here it lays the significance of improved storage structures for specific regions, which provide safer and economical means of grain storage for long durations. If a farmer stores the grain properly, he should be given some incentive apart from normal government price. This ultimately would lead to reduced losses at farmers level, which subsequently would reduce the pressure on storage space with the Food Corporation of India (FCI), central and state warehousing corporations which are still running short of 45 million tonnes storage capacity. This paper discusses in detail the existing grain storage practices being followed in India and critically presents the strengths, weaknesses, opportunity and threat involved in the traditional storage system.                                                                   
 

   India produced record 265.04 million tons (MT) of foodgrains in the year 2013–14 followed by around 257 million tonnes in 2014–15 with advances in technology, better seed varieties, and a good monsoon. However, despite making huge strides in production proper storage facility and capacity are not adequate to reduce storage losses that are incurred annually to national food grain inventory. The Central Institute for Post-Harvest Engineering and Technology CIPHET, Ludhiana, Punjab, in a national level study reported losses of 4.65 to 5.99% in food grains at different post-harvest stages during 2014–15 (Jha et al., 2015). This amounts to around 16 million tons of food grains that are lost every year. Singh (2010) reported the monetary value of the losses amounts to more than ` 50, 0,000 million per year.
Foodgrain is stored in villages in different traditional storage structures and containers. The indigenous storage methods range from mud structures to modern bins. Traditional grain storage plays an important role in preventing losses, which are caused mainly due to weevils, beetles, moths and rodents (Kartikeyan et al., 2009). The containers are made from a variety of locally available materials, differing in design, shape, size and functions according to agroclimatic conditions (Kanwar and Sharma, 2003). The materials used include mud, bricks, cow dung, paddy straw, wheat straw, bamboo, reeds, wood, etc
Many rural farm families use traditional knowledge for constructing grain storage structures and use traditional storage practices at household and farm level, to meet the demand for food, feed, and seed. With the advent of modern improved storage structures, changing international agricultural business scenario, and varied consumer demands, the practicality and economic feasibility of traditional storage structures need to be ascertained. The easy availability of raw material from agricultural by-products, low-priced labor, traditional knowledge and limited access to improved warehousing drive rural farmers towards traditional storage practices. However, there are limitations that question the idea of storage by traditional methods in rural areas. Nevertheless, given the massive gap between production and modern storage capacity, it is imperative to encourage and improve the traditional storage practices. It offers many opportunities given the infrastructural constraints with the public as well as private stakeholders. The need of the hour is to bolster traditional storage methods with modern inputs and to provide cost-effective storage structures to farmers, so as prevent enormous storage losses on one hand and strengthen national food security on the other.

  
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Mobile Technologies Need To Be Used In Agriculture

Mobile Technologies Need To Be Used In Agriculture 

                                                    

Nowadays, we use the mobile to make use of all the villages, whether it is a village group or a member of the Youth community, but if this technique is used properly then your farmer can make progress but how to use all this technology to reach the farmer is a big concern. If the farmer is not sufficiently knowledgeable, he does not have enough knowledge, how to give it to the farmer, his children take the initiative to improve it. Continuous improvement of Smartphone, the mobile is now economically accessible, not only limited to speaking, sending a message or playing a game. Is going to be. The worst hit in agriculture is the sudden change in weather. Mobile technology can help you to overcome it. Farmers, who have registered in the government's 'MK Kisan Portal', get the results of weather and related agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry advice on mobile phones. With the help of this information, farmers can definitely rip their crops. For the management of crops, various systems based on the GPS system are currently available with the combination of mobile and internet to control crop insect pests. Therefore, predictable predictive predictions of pest disease already occur. Therefore, preventive measures can be taken.

  Advice on mobile marketing -

  A text is sent through Graphics Graph, in such a way that it will be useful for farmers with illiterate or under-education.

E.g. 'M Christian' of Tata Consultancy or Airtel's 'IKCL' or 'Digital Green' in Microsoft's digital video shows the distribution of agricultural knowledge through small documentary videos. And now a lot of the company is advising the farmer.

 Use of Social Media for Agriculture -

 At present, social media like WhatsAsap and Facebook can also be used for the promotion of agricultural technology. Through this medium, you can get a lot of information but in less time and more till the farmers. Now you can get more information about the new group on Whatsapp, till you reach more farmers

More access to agriculture due to mobile phones -

Mobile technology can also be used to reduce agricultural labor and runoff. Pumps switch for irrigation can be turned on and off through mobile only from anywhere. Besides, it is less expensive because the farmers are from the hills. After the switch of the mobile, there is no need to go back to the river after the night electricity. There is also a complete improvement by creating a fully automated programmable controller for mobile. Even after filling the power out of time, he completes irrigation as planned. As a result, it helps in reducing stress on farmers

                                                         

 Dr. Reddy, Head of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Mahatma Phule Agricultural University, Rahuri. Sunil Gorintiwar said that in order to calculate the quantity and duration of water by drip irrigation earlier, it is necessary to calculate the quantities of various factors and crops in the location wise climate and calculate the quantity of water. This was a problem for the common farmers. In view of this, Mahatma Phule Agricultural University has developed two 'Flowers Irrigation Scheduler' and 'Flowers Water'. It has made it possible for farmers to take the time to transmit and drip crops by both online and offline. Similarly, 'Phule Krishi Darshan' was introduced in the form of an app because  apart from crop technology and recommendations 

 Even though some private companies have come to this area, it is certainly important that there will be a transformation of agriculture in just a few years, and this is equally important for a new generation to enter agriculture.

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Where Did The Rain Fall And Where Did It Happen?

Where Did The Rain Fall And Where Did It Happen?

                                                  

Farmer's crop increases due to the decrease in rainfall, but the rains sometimes fall for good crop yields, it is important that if the deer falls in front of the constellation, then some crops are damaged due to rains, the growth of crops does not increase and the crop does not become sterile, so that the rain water It is important to get water that is important in the soil. It is important that after rain
Blocking rain water It is important to tuck and store the water in the soil, but it is important that after the fall of the rain the water level mainly occurs in three ways. Water is carried over the surface of the soil, it is evaporated before it is molded in soil or before it becomes dust.

   Rainwater falls on the surface and this water is absorbed in some quantity, some of which does not fall in the soil and it is carried away, it is carried out and evaporates and goes under the roots of the soil used for the plant under the roots, and keeping them from the leaves keeps the water out of the form of evaporator. If there is excessive rainfall in the soil, due to high amount of soil moisture, the soil is also depleted but if the depletion of the soil is high, then the soil is depleted, the slope of the soil is reduced, the soil from it goes out uniform and the stones of the soil are seen as well. This is the level of erosion (sheet erosion) that is not visible on the surface but it is fumigated, but it is very high, but it is definitely the second most likely to be erosion (alley erosion). Stir the water in a dry clay, add 30cm of water. Thick water is prepared from it and water is carried out very quickly.

  Where did the rainfall and where did it happen? Some water goes to the soil and some water goes out in evaporation to some extent, if the water is given to the plantation, then the amount of water is run below the root. Water is not used for anything but the remaining water which absorbs the roots of the plants. Besides, some of the leaves are evaporated and evaporated. Besides, the soil particles keep the water, they do not benefit from the vegetation because this water is not available for vegetation, which means that the very water of the water which is actually contained is actually found in the plant.

       The average annual rainfall of 18.8 to 24.7 inches in India where the study was conducted in seven years from 1973 to 1941 in dry farm research. Where rabi jowar was grown, overall average 4.2 inches was washed away every year. If there was heavy rainfall, the rain was washed 7.5 mm every year.

   Not only the use of rainwater, but there are many reasons, for example, what types of land are there and what type of plants are there in it, how much water will flow, how much water will be carried out, a survey has come to mean that from a plot planted by a rabi jowar. In seven years every year, 44 tons of soil was carried out on an average. On the contrary, only 0.6 tons of soil was carried out in a single year by the naturally occurring grasslands plot.
If groundnut is applied as an intercrop in the sorghum, the same ratio has decreased by 0.9 tons per year. If the soil is not in the crop, by keeping it open and keeping the fields free, the amount of water harvested is much higher than the cropped area.

  How much water can absorb and retain the soil depends on its chemical factors. Sandy soil and clay can vary from 15.6 to 40 percent. It has been observed from the observation that in a dry area, in the 24 hours there is 1-inch rainfall and only 2-inch thickness of the clay is wet, whereas in sandy soils the rainfall is 6 to 8 inches deep. Due to heavy rain, there is a hindrance in the soil in the clay and it becomes difficult to water.

 Plants not available This is important because water is rain water is reach land which the upper layer without Jira pane And they plant root deep ground water which the items (capillary water) water is Pinkas or plant life And that is deep water (gravitational water) water plants never getting 40 percent of the Deccan patharavara clay soil depth is less than 9 inches, so the water inflitration in taht  is critical to go away nutrients.

 If you do not water the soil should take efforts waterr shortages will also affect the water level to be reduced in soil And it is sure.

What is GST taking for agriculture?

 What is GST taking for agriculture?
 Some researchers claim that due to increase in prices of GST, farm-industry trade conditions will be favorable to farming and farmers will be benefitted. However, this is possible only after the benefits have reached to the farmers.
   

                                  

The GST Bill (Goods and Services Tax) stuck for the last decade of the Parliamentary budget passed in the recently concluded Parliament, after seven hours of discussion, was rejected without opposition's suggestions. Originally GST, the UPA's offspring In the budget of 2006-07, then finance minister P. Chidambaram presented him first in the Lok Sabha. The UPA has a lot of strength in the Lok Sabha as it has been passed, but due to lack of numbers in the Rajya Sabha, BJP stalled due to its opposition. After coming to power, there was a shift in the BJP's bill. A vicious retaliation is called, he is. Congress and friendly parties now play the role of opponents. This bill has been approved once the two NDA constituents have enough strength. After the approval of the Legislatures of the states, this tax connection will be applicable from all over the country until July 1. The one-day special session of Maharashtra Legislature has been called on May 15. After a lot of discussions, the GST Board approved the four grants of 0, 5, 12, 18, 28 percent.

The historical, important tax reforms in the post-independence period are as follows: After this amendment, there will be unprecedented, revolutionary changes in the indirect tax structure of the country. In lieu of various indirect taxes currently being levied by the Central and the States, the same taxes and they will be charged at the same rate across the country. With the independence, the political integration of the country has been achieved; But for seven years of economic integration, the time has come. There is a far-reaching effect on the new tax system's economy. The agricultural sector can not stay out of it Tax structure will be easy, easy, development-oriented, expanding the tax base, and raising tax income. It is estimated that economic growth will increase by 1-2%, agriculture and non-agricultural sector employments will increase by 20 lakhs. A decrease in cost of production due to taxes and curtailments can lead to increased export of manufactured products. The market's market has narrowed due to numerous licenses, permissions, and various taxes imposed by the states, which gives lesser prices to the farmer. After the GST, the state-level traffic bottlenecks will be created and the National Market will be created for the first time. It is possible to make a far-reaching movement of waste products like vegetables, fruits, and flowers. Moreover, the cost of transportation is estimated to fall by 3-5%. The Central Government has recently created the 'National Agricultural Market' to create competitive markets through easy movement of the farmland and to bring transparency in the market. As per this scheme, the market and commercial markets of the country will be brought to the same platform of e-commerce through a special portal developed by the central government. The objectives of GST and Names are same as they are complementary to each other. Various prices of tax in present-day states were causing obstacles in the implementation of the name. GST will help to overcome these obstacles.

At present, there is a huge difference between the taxation center and the state and the state and the state taxes. Central Government has given exemption from value-added tax on sugar, salt, wheat, and atta. But the states of grains, meat, eggs, and fruits are excluded from their taxation; States, however, recover the tax at the 4% rate on the remaining farm. Taxes will be levied on all types of food grains like meat and fish eggs, vegetables, fruits, milk, milk products, poultry products, in GST. Presently, the state government is levying a tax of 2% on milk production. This rate will be 12-18 percent in the new tax system. The risk of food inflation is expressed as the increase in the price of the commodity due to the tax hike. Thirteenth Finance Commission Chairman Dr. Vijay Kelkar has expressed this possibility only. According to him, the rate of inflation would be mild to 0.61% to 1.18%, but actually, it is likely to remain high. This can be an option to exclude farmland from GST to prevent this increase. However, if the farmland is excluded, the fear of declining tax foundations and decreasing tax revenue is expressed. So, in the coming days, it will be decided that there will be strong opposition from the middle class on the basis of an increase in prices of the government by introducing food inflation. In the form of GST, Koliya middle class will face the same opposition. Some researchers claim that due to increase in prices of GST, farm-industry trade conditions will be favorable to farming and farmers will be benefitted. However, this is possible only after the benefits have reached to the farmers. But it is rare that the trader, broker, and arbitrator will give benefit to the farmers.

After GST, these government subsidies will be given as before. But due to increase in agricultural inputs (fertilizers, fertilizers, etc.) due to GST, there is an increase in the cost of production of the farm. After the increase in the cost of production, there is no assurance of inflationary pressure. The GST tax system is different from the current tax regime. In the existing tax method where goods, services are produced, the tax is levied. In GST, taxation will be done at the place where the goods are consumed. That is why GST is called the final tax. Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and other states have raised the prices of their tax revenues after GST. On


       

  

Why Does Not The Farmer's Next Generation Cultivate?

         Why Does Not The Farmer's Next Generation Cultivate?

                                         

The next generation of the farmer is going out of the field today. Because today the work of our work has ended. No one has the right to say that when Husan and Sultani, who sustains us all, will be able to fill the soil with their next generation while bubbling death. What will happen to us when the food-producing group goes away on a stretch? The fact that we have not been able to set up such simple arrangements for the minimum welfare of the farmer, has really spoken. Yogesh Nanda, the then director of NABARD, has reported that 40% of the farmers are unhappy with the farming. But nobody has time to look at this question. The farmers are landless, the process of depression from agriculture has increased. The farmer should not stop the suicide, this Antichrist and the deserter should now be destroyed. But, no one says that how to do it. Yet again the same question arises, why does not the farmer's next generation cultivate?

There are two classes of farmers. One poor and another Gabbar. There is a life-threatening struggle to get rid of these infinite questions which are poor. The farmer today should not be farming with his next generation and he wants to live a good life in the city. The farmer who is very rich in agriculture is also not easy to farm. Because, as much as their huge inventory, maintenance, and implementation costs are high. But such people can build a poly house, process plant, small scale industry, and provide employment to many. What is their name in the list of people under the poverty line and how they get different packages, should we look at the 'good name of democracy'. A 14 percent farmer class, who lives a prosperous and happier life, also faces the same problems, which the alien farmer has to face. Problems of those problems may be less, But the solution to those shared issues is not yet in sight. All of them are cheated. The reason is that the same question will arise again in the end. Why not farming the next generation of farming?

There is no protection for agriculture, there is no right to decide, there is no strict law of guarantee, no storage facilities, and cold storage facilities. Then how will the farmer survive and how will agriculture be beneficial? There is a great reason for their disturbance that farmers are not involved in deciding the policies of the country and the state. It is a fact that the farmer is being used as a worker and a voter. Those rulers call 'my parents' and they do not even notice it. Today, not only do farmers suffer death but like 'cold air', they surrender to the entire situation and near death, it is very worrisome. A kindled man who is tied with a clay will not be able to stand behind the farmers in this situation. The question is that others, who have lost sensitivity and who are living as ungrateful. Whether or not it is related to grassroots; But we eat 'food' and without expressing gratitude for that food, we ask irresponsibly questions, why not farming next generation of farming?

The average data for the 86th round of National Sample Survey survey shows that the farmer gets Rs. 3,000 per month for agriculture. If there are some siblings then at least Rs. How to improve the livelihood of the farmer, if this is an average of farm productivity? That's why debt waiver, not debt relief, but a farmer's desire to grow. There is no one who has tried to make it even today. Then how will it improve farming and how will the farmer's next generation grow?

Green Revolution does not work again. Now, if there is a need to improve the condition of agriculture, then the land should be market-wise and irrigation from marketing should be done by the farmer towards the business. Until itself the farmer takes control of the direction from you, his condition will not change. There is no difference between the situation of the farmers due to power. The next generation of farmers should accept the challenge of this transition. As per the changing world and the surrounding area, today's farmer generation is smart. The new changes make it quicker. It is necessary to make them available to all the infrastructure and support area areas. It should be supported by this system to get it. Today's generation will definitely be farming. M. S. Swaminathan, Norman Borlaug, was also a generation that transformed itself into a reality and transformed it into reality. There is no doubt that today's generation will repeat the same green dream. Because he is the inheritor of all those who belongs to the farmer. She is our culture.

 He should continue the generation of ancestral legacy. That culture should be preserved further. All those who believe 'food is Parabrahma' should take the experience of agriculture and then decide, 'Why should not we go to farming next generation?

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